Sinusitis that has not been immediately treated or has not been completely cured, as well as by anatomical variations, bacterial and fungal infections, allergies, ciliary movement disorders, and iatrogenic factors. In addition, its onset is also closely related to genetic, environmental, and other factors.

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common in ENT, head and neck surgery. According to a epidemiological survey, around 8 out of every 100 Chinese suffer from chronic rhinosinusitis.

The main manifestations are nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge, facial distension and pain, and olfactory dysfunction. Some may also experience symptoms such as dizziness, loss of appetite, fatigue, and insomnia.

Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis refers to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the nasal mucosa, even the periosteum, and the turbinate bones, which mostly develops from chronic simple rhinitis.

Hypertrophic rhinitis transfers from simple rhinitis, thus sharing the same general but more severe symptoms of hypertrophic rhinitis as simple rhinitis. Outstanding symptom would be nasal congestion, which changes from intermittent or alternating episodes of simple rhinitis to persistent nasal congestion. Due to nasal obstruction, various odors in the air won’t reach the olfactory zone, and the sense of smell is significantly impaired. Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis can affect the eustachian tube leading to the middle ear, causing patients to experience tinnitus and hearing loss. In severe cases, the posterior end of the inferior turbinate blocks the pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube, which can lead to tinnitus and hearing loss. Nasal congestion often causes people to breathe through the mouth. Due to long-term oral breathing and the stimulation of backflow of nasal mucus, the throat is often tired and inflamed, causing dry throat, sore throat, foreign body sensation or itching in the throat, causing bursts of dry cough and hoarseness. Swelling of the nasal mucosa inevitably impedes the drainage of the nasal sinus openings, which often leads to sinus inflammation. This type of patient often has symptoms such as headache, dizziness, insomnia, and memory loss. Especially when the hypertrophy of the middle turbinate presses the nasal septum, trigeminal neuralgia can occur, which is even more painful and annoying.

It may be related to viral infection, genetics, tobacco and alcohol addiction, etc.
Laryngeal cancer is more common in the head and neck cancer family, ranking third. The incidence rate is 2.1/100,000, accounting for 1%~5% of the total malignant diseases. The case fatality rate of laryngeal cancer is 1.1/100,000.

Early Symptoms
Hoarseness is a possible early symptom in patients with laryngeal cancer, but this symptom is not specific and is often ignored. The typical symptoms of different laryngeal cancers are those that grow on the vocal cords, often causing changes in pronunciation and sound, such as hoarseness; Laryngeal cancers that do not directly grow on the vocal cords often have no sound changes, and hoarseness occurs only after the tumor invades the vocal cords. The early symptoms of laryngeal cancer that grows on the glottis are not obvious, and there may be throat discomfort, throat pain, and foreign body sensations that persist.
There may be other manifestations like:
·Persistent cough;
·Painful swallowing;
·Dysphagia;
·Pains on the neck or behind the ear;
·Dyspnea.
Sometimes patients have no symptoms of the throat and seek medical attention only because of a neck mass.

Basic causes:
EB virus infection: EB virus infects mainly human oral epithelial cells and B cells, integrating into the host cell DNA, preventing the apoptosis of infected cells, while activating their growth, causing nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Precipitating factors:
Individual factors
It is most common in adults aged 40 to 50 years, and the incidence rate of men is higher than that of women.
Environmental factors
Nickel content in food and water is higher in areas with high incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Dietary factors
Salted fish, cured meats, and other pickled foods are high-risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. During the pickling process, these foods can produce Class 2A carcinogens, nitrite, which can induce nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The incidence rate is the highest in South China, while it is rare in North China. In 2018, there were more than 60,000 newly diagnosed cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China. The prevelance in men is about 2.5 times in women, and it is more common at the age of 40~50.

In the early stage, nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause any symptoms, and when the symptoms are obvious, most patients have entered the advanced stage or advanced stage. Most patients have a lump in the neck as the first symptom. Patients with symptoms such as nasal discharge with blood, tinnitus, and nasal congestion in daily life are recommended to seek medical attention for a detailed examination of the nasopharynx.

Adenoid hypertrophy can be caused by a variety of reasons, such as tonsils or adjacent nasal cavities, sinusitis, chronic irritation of nasal purulent secretions, allergic reactions, excess nutrition, eating disorders, etc. It can also be caused by the enlargement of the pharyngeal tonsils at birth, ultimately leading to pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy.
Epidemiological survey shows that the incidence rate of children under 10 years old is between 5% and 10%.

When hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils occurs, there may be early symptoms of open mouth breathing, which may lead to dry mouth and bad breath, dry lips, runny nose, etc. There are also mid to late stage symptoms such as rough breathing, snoring during sleep, restlessness in sleep, ear and nose infections, and may even lead to severe facial deformities and systemic symptoms. Delayed or inappropriate treatment can seriously harm children's physical and mental health.